This article describes contributions that artificial intelligence (AI) has made and needs to continue to make towards long-term educational goals. The article articulates two challenges in education that require the use of AI: personalizing teaching and learning 21st century skills. This article first describes AI and some of its history and then suggests why AI is invaluable to development of instructional systems. Instructional systems that use AI technology are described, e.g., computational tools that personalize instruction, enhance student experience and supply data for development of novel education theory development. Additionally, some intelligent tutors supply researchers with new opportunities to analyze vast data sets of instructional behavior and learn how students behave. 1 A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence in Education The field of Artificial Intelligence in Education is focused on research into, development of and evaluation of computer software that improves t...