Identity verification becomes a challenging task when it has to be automated with high accuracy and non-repudiability. The existing methods such as passwords and photo identity cards are inadequate to meet such heavy demands. Automated biometrics-based authentication methods can meet all the demands. An overview of the fast developing and exciting area of automated biometrics is provided in this paper. Several
Nalini K. Ratha, Andrew W. Senior, Ruud M. Bolle