Abstract— As WDM technology matures and multicast applications become increasingly popular, supporting multicast at the WDM layer becomes an important and yet challenging topic. In this paper, we will study constrained multicast routing in WDM networks with sparse splitting, i.e. some switches are incapable of splitting light (or copying data in the optical domain). Specifically, we will propose four multicast tree formation algorithms, namely, Reroute-to-Source, Re-route-to-Any, Member-First, and Member-Only. Given the network topology, multicast membership information, and light splitting capability of the switches, these algorithms can be used to construct a source-based multicast light-forest (consisting one or more trees if necessary) for each multicast session. The performanceof these algorithms will be compared in terms of the number of wavelengths used, number of branches involved (bandwidth) as well as number of hops encountered (delay) from a multicast source to a multicas...