Abstract. This paper proposes a high-accuracy rotation estimation algorithm using 1D Phase-Only Correlation (POC). In general, the rotation angle between two images is estimated as follows: (i) convert the image rotation into the image shift by polar mappings of the amplitude spectra of images, and (ii) estimate the translational displacement between the polar mappings to obtain the rotation angle. The problem of rotation estimation between two images is replaced to 1D displacement estimation between pairs of horizontal lines at the same vertical position in two polar mappings. The proposed algorithm employs 1D POC instead of 2D matching for estimating a rotation angle. The use of 1D POC to estimate the rotation angle makes it possible to reduce the computational cost significantly without sacrificing the estimation accuracy.