In most contexts, learning is essential for the long-term autonomy of an agent. We describes here some essential and fundamental learning mechanisms implemented in a cognitive autonomous agent, CTS (Conscious Tutoring System), we suggest a model that maintains “conscious-” and at the same time "unconscious-" learning as means to increase the agent's autonomy in unknown or changing environments, and a way to improve its fitness. The two mentioned mechanisms occur in parallel in CTS and are inspired by phenomena believed to exist in humans.