Data mining on large data warehouses is becoming increasingly important. In support of this trend, we consider a spectrum of architectural alternatives for coupling mining with database systems. These alternatives include: loosecoupling through a SQL cursor interface; encapsulation of a mining algorithm in a stored procedure; caching the data to a le system on-the- y and mining; tight-coupling using primarily user-de ned functions; and SQL implementations for processing in the DBMS. We comprehensively study the option of expressing the mining algorithm in the form of SQL queries using Association rule mining as a case in point. We consider four options in SQL-92 and six options in SQL enhanced with object-relational extensions SQL-OR. Our evaluation of the di erent architectural alternatives shows that from a performance perspective, the Cache-Mine option is superior, although the performance of the SQL-OR option is within a factor of two. Both the Cache-Mine and the SQL-OR approaches...