Text entry user interfaces have been a bottleneck of nontraditional computing devices. One of the promising methods is the virtual keyboard on touch screens. Various layouts have been manually designed to replace the dominant QWERTY layout. This paper presents two computerized quantitative design techniques to search for the optimal virtual keyboard. The first technique simulated the dynamics of a keyboard with “digraph springs” between
Shumin Zhai, Michael A. Hunter, Barton A. Smith