Abstract. Humans have the ability to flexibly adjust their information processing strategy according to situational characteristics. However, such ability has been largely overlooked in computational modeling research in high-order human cognition, particularly in learning. The present work introduces frameworks of cognitive models of human learning that take contextual factors into account. The framework assumes that human learning processes are not strictly error minimization, but optimization of knowledge. A simulation study was conducted and showed that the present framework successfully replicated observed psychological phenomena.