We describe a unified framework for the understanding of structure representation in primate vision. A model derived from this framework is shown to be effectively systematic in that it has the ability to interpret and associate together objects that are related through a rearrangement of common "middle-scale" parts, represented as image fragments. The model addresses the same concerns as previous work on compositional representation through the use of what+where receptive fields and attentional gain modulation. It does not require prior exposure to the individs, and avoids the need for abstract symbolic binding. 1 The problem of structure representation The focus of theoretical discussion in visual object processing has recently started to shift from problems of recognition and categorization to the representation of object structure. Although view- or appearance-based solutions for these problems proved effective on a variety of object classes [1], the "holistic"...