The evolution of simulated robots with three different architectures is studied in this article. We compare a nonmodular feed-forward network, a hardwired modular, and a duplicatio...
Army ant colonies display complex foraging raid patterns involving thousands of individuals communicating through chemical trails. In this article we explore, by means of a simple ...
We study the emergence and dynamics of competing strains of digital organisms in a world with two depletable resources. Consumption of one resource produces the other resource as a...
Current theories about the origin of the eukaryotic cell all assume that during evolution a prokaryotic cell acquired a nucleus. Here, it is shown that a scenario in which the nucl...
Cross-reactions and other systematic difficulties generated by the coupling of functional chemical subsystems pose the largest challenge for assembling a viable protocell in the la...
Harold Fellermann, Steen Rasmussen, Hans-Joachim Z...