A framework that delineates the relationships between learner control and learning effectiveness is absent. This study aims to fill this void. Unlike previous research, this study compares the learning effectiveness between two learning environments: traditional classroom and Technology-mediated Virtual Learning Environment (TVLE). Our work focuses on the effectiveness of a TVLE in the context of basic information technology skills training. Grounded in the technology-mediated learning literature, this study presents a framework that addresses the relationship between the learner control and learning effectiveness, which contains four categories: learning achievement, self-efficacy, satisfaction, and learning climate. In order to compare the learning effectiveness under traditional classroom and TVLE, we conducted a field experiment. Data were collected from a junior high school of Taiwan. A total of 210 usable responses were analyzed. We identified four results from this study. (1) S...