ty of accurately re-creating a mobile networkingAbstract environment in vitro argues for live experiments. On the In this paper we put forth the view that trace other hand, the difficulty of experimental control in livemodulation is an indispensable technique for experiments confounds interpretation of results.building and evaluating mobile computing systems. The essence of our solution is transparent, real- Reproducibility of the networking environment is time, trace-driven emulation of a target network. important for three reasons. First, it is essential for sound Although conceptually simple, trace modulation performance evaluation of a given system. Second, it is strikes an attractive balance between the necessary for comparative performance evaluation ofconflicting demands of realism, ease-of-use, and alternative mobile system designs. Third, it is valuable inreproducibility. It provides three important debugging mobile systems because it enables re-creationbenefits. First, it all...