One of the primary flaws with current digital signature technology is that a digital signature does not "feel" or resemble a traditional seal or personal signature to the human observer; lacking a sense of visualisation and changing each time it is applied. This paper reviews the historical value of seals in Eastern and Western cultures to provide a basis to enhance global acceptability of existing digital signatures. The functionality of traditional seals is investigated in broad terms, encompassing newly established applications to accommodate digital signature technology, and traditional seal principles. Traditional seal certificates are employed to prevent the fraudulent use of the seal and serve to bind a particular identity with a particular seal in some Eastern countries, for instance, Taiwan, Japan and Korea. This usage is analogous to the purpose of current digital certificates. This proposal develops the concept of integrating a seal certificate into an overall dig...
Vicky Liu, William J. Caelli, Ernest Foo, Selwyn R