Genetic programming is an automatic method for creating a computer program or other complex structure to solve a problem. This paper first reviews various instances where genetic programming has previously produced human-competitive results. It then presents new human-competiZ .tive results involving the automatic synthesis of the design of both the parameter values i.e., tuning and the topology of controllers for two illustrative problems. Both genetically evolved controllers are better than controllers designed and published by experts in the field of control using the criteria established by the experts. One of these two controllers infringes on a previously issued patent. Other evolved controllers duplicate the functionality of other previously patented controllers. The results in this paper, in conjunction with previous results, reinforce the prediction that genetic programming is on the threshold of routinely producing human-competitive results and that genetic programming can po...
John R. Koza, Martin A. Keane, Jessen Yu, Forrest