State-of-the-art integral-equation-based solvers rely on techniques that can perform a matrix-vector multiplication in O(N) complexity. In this work, a fast inverse of linear complexity was developed to solve a dense system of linear equations directly for the capacitance extraction of any arbitrary shaped 3D structure. The proposed direct solver has demonstrated clear advantages over state-of-the-art solvers such as FastCap and HiCap; with fast CPU time and modest memory consumption, and without sacrificing accuracy. It successfully inverts a dense matrix that involves more than one million unknowns associated with a largescale on-chip 3D interconnect embedded in inhomogeneous materials. Moreover, we have successfully applied the proposed solver to full-wave extraction. Categories and Subject Descriptors B.7.2 [Integrating Circuits]: Design Aids - simulation, verification General Terms Algorithms Keywords Integral-equation-based methods, direct solver, capacitance extraction, full wa...