Reference models are an important aid for business process modeling and design. Their aim is to capture domain knowledge and assist in the design of enterprise specific business processes. The application of reference models for process design requires guidance in reusing these models, as well as flexibility in adapting them to specific enterprises. A popular modeling language for specifying reference models is Event-driven Process Chains (EPC), which has been extended for expressing configurable reference models (C-EPC). These models provide explicit reuse guidance, but allow a limited level of flexibility following a reuse by configuration approach. To increase the level of adaptability of reference models, we propose in this paper to utilize the Application-based Domain Modeling (ADOM) approach for the purpose of specifying and applying reference models using EPC. ADOM supports the enforcement of reference model constraints while allowing a high level of flexibility, adaptability, a...