icians or philosophers use abstract symbols to derive formulas or form proofs. Indeed, these sketches are structural geometric proofs, consistent with Plato's supposition that geometry is a philosophical language. By definition, geometry is the formal study of spatial order through the measure and relationship of form. For Plato this meant that these chemical diagrams must operate within a y of abstraction. To him, the lowest level of ion would be a molecule's physical existence. On a higher level are the guiding models behind the construction of all molecules such as the structural chemical rules or theories - pure formal ideas or specifications without physical manifestation. On the highest level are the universal processes or dynamical patterns that can be considered independently of any structure or material form. The general chemical reaction patterns of oxidation-reduction, functional group transfer, hydrolysis, and isomerization, realized through specification and modi...