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Book
Algorithms for Programmers
"This is the (work in progress) book "Algorithms for Programmers". Publication as soon as possible, content is (modulo copy editing) close to final version. I will put a remark here as soon as the printed version is available. The electronic version of this book is identical to the printed (to come) version. NOTE: It will always stay online for free anonymous download. Your feedback is appreciated."
Real-time TrafficBit Operations | Combinations | Combinatorial | Compositions | Data Structures | Fourier Transfo | Gray Codes | Hadamard | Integer Partitions | Lyndon Words | Multisets | Necklaces Words | Parentheses Strings | Permutations | Searching | Set Partitions | Sorting | Subsets |
| Added | 30 Mar 2009 |
| Updated | 27 May 2009 |
| Authors | Jörg Arndt |
Click here for more information about the book as well as the fxt library.
Part I Low level algorithms p.1
Part I Low level algorithms p.1
1 Bit wizardry p.3
1.1 Trivia
1.2 Operations on individual bits
1.3 Operations on low bits or blocks of a word
1.4 Extraction of ones, zeros, or blocks near transitions
1.5 Computing the index of a single set bit
1.6 Operations on high bits or blocks of a word
1.7 Functions related to the base-2 logarithm
1.8 Counting the bits and blocks of a word
1.9 Words as bitsets
1.10 Avoiding branches
1.11 Bit-wise rotation of a word
1.12 Binary necklaces *
1.13 Reversing the bits of a word
1.14 Bit-wise zip
1.15 Gray code and parity
1.16 Bit sequency *
1.17 Powers of the Gray code *
1.18 Invertible transforms on words *
1.19 Space filling curves
1.20 Scanning for zero bytes
1.21 2-adic inverse and square root
1.22 Radix -2 (minus two) representation
1.23 A sparse signed binary representation
1.24 Generating bit combinations
1.25 Generating bit subsets of a given word
1.26 Binary words in lexicographic order for subsets
1.27 Fibonacci words *
1.28 Binary words and parentheses strings *
1.29 Permutations via primitives *
1.30 CPU instructions often missed
2 Permutations and their operations p.97
2.1 Basic definitions and operations
2.2 Representation as disjoint cycles
2.3 Compositions of permutations
2.4 In-place methods to apply permutations to data
2.5 Random permutations
3 Special permutations p.111
3.1 The revbin permutation
3.2 The radix permutation
3.3 In-place matrix transposition
3.4 Rotation by triple reversion
3.5 The zip permutation
3.6 The XOR permutation
3.7 The Gray code permutation
3.8 The reversed Gray code permutation
4 Sorting and searching p.129
4.1 Sorting algorithms
4.2 Binary search
4.3 Flavors of sorting methods
4.4 Searching in unsorted arrays
4.5 Determination of equivalence classes
5 Data structures p.149
5.1 Stack (LIFO)
5.2 Ring buffer
5.3 Queue (FIFO)
5.4 Deque (double-ended queue)
5.5 Heap and priority queue
5.6 Bit-array
5.7 Left-right array
5.8 Finite state machines
Part II Combinatorial generation p.169
6 Conventions and considerations p.171
6.1 About representations and orders
6.2 Ranking, unranking, and counting
6.3 Characteristics of the algorithms
6.4 Optimization techniques
6.5 The implementations, demo-programs, and timings
7 Combinations p.175
7.1 Binomial coefficients
7.2 Lexicographic and co-lexicographic order
7.3 Order by prefix shifts (cool-lex)
7.4 Minimal-change order
7.5 The Eades-McKay strong minimal-change order
7.6 Two-close orderings via endo/enup moves
7.7 Recursive generation of certain orderings
8 Compositions p.193
8.1 Co-lexicographic order
8.2 Co-lexicographic order for compositions into exactly k parts
8.3 Compositions and combinations
8.4 Minimal-change orders
9 Subsets p.201
9.1 Lexicographic order
9.2 Minimal-change order
9.3 Ordering with De Bruijn sequences
9.4 Shifts-order for subsets
9.5 k-subsets where k lies in a given range
10 Mixed radix numbers p.217
10.1 Counting (lexicographic) order
10.2 Minimal-change (Gray code) order
10.3 gslex order
10.4 endo order
10.5 Gray code for endo order
11 Permutations p.231
11.1 Lexicographic order
11.2 Co-lexicographic order
11.3 Factorial representations of permutations
11.4 An order from reversing prefixes
11.5 Minimal-change order (Heap's algorithm)
11.6 Lipski's Minimal-change orders
11.7 Strong minimal-change order (Trotter's algorithm)
11.8 Star-transposition order
11.9 Minimal-change orders from factorial numbers
11.10 Derangement order
11.11 Orders where the smallest element always moves right
11.12 Single track orders
11.13 Permutations with special properties
11.14 Self-inverse permutations (involutions)
11.15 Cyclic permutations
12 Multisets p.291
12.1 Subsets of a multiset
12.2 Permutations of a multiset
13 Gray codes for strings with restrictions p.301
13.1 List recursions
13.2 Fibonacci words
13.3 Generalized Fibonacci words
13.4 Digit x followed by at least x zeros
13.5 Generalized Pell words
13.6 Sparse signed binary words
13.7 Strings with no two successive nonzero digits
13.8 Strings with no two successive zeros
13.9 Binary strings without substrings 1x1 or 1xy1
14 Parentheses strings p.319
14.1 Co-lexicographic order
14.2 Gray code via restricted growth strings
14.3 Order by prefix shifts (cool-lex)
14.4 Catalan numbers
14.5 Increment-i RGS and k-ary trees
15 Integer partitions p.333
15.1 Solution of a generalized problem
15.2 Iterative algorithm
15.3 Partitions into m parts
15.4 The number of integer partitions
16 Set partitions p.345
16.1 Recursive generation
16.2 The number of set partitions: Stirling set numbers and Bell numbers
16.3 Restricted growth strings
17 Necklaces and Lyndon words p.361
17.1 Generating all necklaces
17.2 The number of binary necklaces
18 Hadamard and conference matrices p.373
18.1 Hadamard matrices via LFSR
18.2 Hadamard matrices via conference matrices
18.3 Conference matrices via finite fields
19 Searching paths in directed graphs p.381
19.1 Representation of digraphs
19.2 Searching full paths
19.3 Conditional search
19.4 Edge sorting and lucky paths
19.5 Gray codes for Lyndon words
Part III Fast transforms p.401
20 The Fourier transform p.403
20.1 The discrete Fourier transform
20.2 Summary of definitions of Fourier transforms *
20.3 Radix-2 FFT algorithms
20.4 Saving trigonometric computations
20.5 Higher radix FFT algorithms
20.6 Split-radix Fourier transforms
20.7 Symmetries of the Fourier transform
20.8 Inverse FFT for free
20.9 Real-valued Fourier transforms
20.10 Multi-dimensional Fourier transforms
20.11 The matrix Fourier algorithm (MFA)
21 Convolution, correlation, and more FFT algorithms p.435
21.1 Convolution
21.2 Correlation
21.3 Weighted Fourier transforms and convolutions
21.4 Convolution using the MFA
21.5 The z-transform (ZT)
21.6 Prime length FFTs
22 The Walsh transform and its relatives p.453
22.1 Transform with Walsh-Kronecker basis
22.2 Eigenvectors of the Walsh transform *
22.3 The Kronecker product
22.4 Higher radix Walsh transforms
22.5 Localized Walsh transforms
22.6 Transform with Walsh-Paley basis
22.7 Sequency-ordered Walsh transforms
22.8 XOR (dyadic) convolution
22.9 Slant transform
22.10 Arithmetic transform
22.11 Reed-Muller transform
22.12 The OR-convolution and the AND-convolution
22.13 The MAX-convolution *
22.14 Weighted arithmetic transform and subset convolution
23 The Haar transform p.493
23.1 The `standard' Haar transform
23.2 In-place Haar transform
23.3 Non-normalized Haar transforms
23.4 Transposed Haar transforms
23.5 The reversed Haar transform
23.6 Relations between Walsh and Haar transforms
23.7 Prefix transform and prefix convolution
23.8 Nonstandard splitting schemes *
24 The Hartley transform p.511
24.1 Definition and symmetries
24.2 Radix-2 FHT algorithms
24.3 Complex FFT by FHT
24.4 Complex FFT by complex FHT and vice versa
24.5 Real FFT by FHT and vice versa
24.6 Higher radix FHT algorithms
24.7 Convolution via FHT
24.8 Negacyclic convolution via FHT
24.9 Localized FHT algorithms
24.10 2-dimensional FHTs
24.11 Automatic generation of transform code
24.12 Eigenvectors of the Fourier and Hartley transform *
25 Number theoretic transforms (NTTs) p.533
25.1 Prime moduli for NTTs
25.2 Implementation of NTTs
25.3 Convolution with NTTs
26 Fast wavelet transforms p.541
26.1 Wavelet filters
26.2 Implementation
26.3 Moment conditions
Part IV Fast arithmetic p.547
27 Fast multiplication and exponentiation p.549
27.1 Asymptotics of algorithms
27.2 Splitting schemes for multiplication
27.3 Fast multiplication via FFT
27.4 Radix/precision considerations with FFT multiplication
27.5 The sum-of-digits test
27.6 Binary exponentiation
28 Root extraction p.567
28.1 Division, square root and cube root
28.2 Root extraction for rationals
28.3 Divisionless iterations for the inverse a-th root
28.4 Initial approximations for iterations
28.5 Some applications of the matrix square root
28.6 Goldschmidt's algorithm
28.7 Products for the a-th root *
28.8 Divisionless iterations for polynomial roots
29 Iterations for the inversion of a function p.589
29.1 Iterations and their rate of convergence
29.2 Schröder's formula
29.3 Householder's formula
29.4 Dealing with multiple roots
29.5 More iterations
29.6 Convergence improvement by the delta squared process
30 The arithmetic-geometric mean (AGM) p.603
30.1 The AGM
30.2 The elliptic functions K and E
30.3 AGM-type algorithms for hypergeometric functions
30.4 Computation of ß
30.5 Arctangent relations for ß *
31 Logarithm and exponential function p.631
31.1 Logarithm
31.2 Exponential function
31.3 Logarithm and exponential function of power series
31.4 Simultaneous computation of logarithms of small primes
32 Computing the elementary functions with limited resources p.645
32.1 Shift-and-add algorithms for log b(x) and bx
32.2 CORDIC algorithms
33 Numerical evaluation of power series p.657
33.1 The binary splitting algorithm for rational series
33.2 Rectangular schemes for evaluation of power series
33.3 The magic sumalt algorithm for alternating series
34 Recurrences and Chebyshev polynomials p.673
34.1 Recurrences
34.2 Chebyshev polynomials
35 Hypergeometric functions p.693
35.1 Definition and basic operations
35.2 Transformations of hypergeometric functions
35.3 Examples: elementary functions
35.4 The function xx
35.5 Elliptic K and E
36 Cyclotomic polynomials, product forms, and continued fractions p.713
36.1 Cylotomic polynomials, Möbius inversion, Lambert series
36.2 Conversion of series to infinite products
36.3 Continued fractions
37 Synthetic Iterations * p.733
37.1 A variation of the iteration for the inverse
37.2 An iteration related to the Thue constant
37.3 An iteration related to the Golay-Rudin-Shapiro sequence
37.4 Iteration related to the ruler function
37.5 An iteration related to the period-doubling sequence
37.6 An iteration from substitution rules with sign
37.7 Iterations related to the sum of digits
37.8 Iterations related to the binary Gray code
37.9 A function encoding the Hilbert curve
37.10 Sparse variants of the inverse
37.11 An iteration related to the Fibonacci numbers
37.12 Iterations related to the Pell numbers
Part V Algorithms for finite fields p.771
38 Modular arithmetic and some number theory p.773
38.1 Implementation of the arithmetic operations
38.2 Modular reduction with structured primes
38.3 The sieve of Eratosthenes
38.4 The order of an element
38.5 Prime modulus: the fields Z=pZ = Fp = GF (p)
38.6 Composite modulus: the ring Z=mZ
38.7 The Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT)
38.8 Quadratic residues
38.9 Computation of a square root modulo m
38.10 The Rabin-Miller test for compositeness
38.11 Proving primality
38.12 Complex moduli: the fields GF (p2)
38.13 Solving the Pell equation
38.14 Multiplication of hypercomplex numbers *
39 Binary polynomials p.831
39.1 The basic arithmetical operations
39.2 Multiplication for polynomials of high degree
39.3 Modular arithmetic with binary polynomials
39.4 Irreducible polynomials
39.5 Primitive polynomials
39.6 The number of irreducible and primitive polynomials
39.7 Transformations that preserve irreducibility
39.8 Self-reciprocal polynomials
39.9 Irreducible and primitive polynomials of special forms *
39.10 Generating irreducible polynomials from Lyndon words
39.11 Irreducible and cyclotomic polynomials *
39.12 Factorization of binary polynomials
40 Shift registers p.875
40.1 Linear feedback shift registers (LFSR)
40.2 Galois and Fibonacci setup
40.3 Error detection by hashing: the CRC
40.4 Generating all revbin pairs
40.5 The number of m-sequences and De Bruijn sequences
40.6 Auto-correlation of m-sequences
40.7 Feedback carry shift register (FCSR)
40.8 Linear hybrid cellular automata (LHCA)
40.9 Additive linear hybrid cellular automata
41 Binary finite fields: GF (2n ) p.897
41.1 Arithmetic and basic properties
41.2 Minimal polynomials
41.3 Fast computation of the trace vector
41.4 Solving quadratic equations
41.5 Representation by matrices *
41.6 Representation by normal bases
41.7 Conversion between normal and polynomial representation
41.8 Optimal normal bases (ONB)
41.9 Gaussian normal bases
A The electronic version of the book p.933
B Machine used for benchmarking p.935
C The pseudo language Sprache p.937
D The pari/gp language p.939 Comments (0)
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