In the context of network traffic analysis, we address the problem of estimating the tail index of flow (or more generally of any group) size distribution from the observation of a sampled population of packets (individuals). We give an exhaustive bibliography of the existing methods and show the relations between them. The main contribution of this work is then to propose a new method to estimate the tail index from sampled data, based on the resolution of the maximum likelihood problem. To assess the performance of our method, we present a full performance evaluation based on numerical simulations, and also on a real traffic trace corresponding to internet traffic recently acquired. Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.3 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Operations—Network monitoring; G.3 [Probability and Statistics] General Terms Measurement, Theory Keywords Network Monitoring, Traffic Measurement, Heavy-Tailed Distribution, Packet Sampling, Maximum Likelihood Estimat...