- The design of a four degree-of-freedom,force-reflecting manipulandum for manual interaction with virtual environments is presented. The device emulates a handtool which the operator can use to explore und manipulate virtual objects. The performance of the device, its ability to generate a broad range of impedances, is determined by a variety of factors including the inherent dynamics of the manipulator, the accuracy and resolution of sensors, and the speed of the digital controller.
Paul A. Millman, Michael C. Stanley, J. Edward Col