Three-dimensional user interfaces (3D UIs) support user tasks in many non-traditional interactive systems such as virtual environments, augmented reality, and ubiquitous computing. Although 3D UI researchers have been successful in identifying basic user tasks and interaction metaphors, evaluating the usability of 3D interaction techniques, and improving the usability of many applications, 3D UI research now stands at a crossroads. Very few fundamentally new techniques and metaphors for 3D interaction have been discovered in recent years, yet the usability of 3D UIs in real-world applications is still not at a desirable level. What directions should 3D UI researchers next explore to improve this situation? In this paper, we trace the history of 3D UI research and analyze the current state-of-the-art. Using evidence from the literature and our own experience, we argue that 3D UI researchers should approach this problem using new directions, which cluster around the concepts of specific...
Doug A. Bowman, Jian Chen, Chadwick A. Wingrave, J