A treecode algorithm is presented for computing the electrostatic potential and electric field in a system of charged particles. The algorithm is grid-free and with N particles it reduces the operation count to O(N logN), as opposed to O(N2) which is required for direct summation of pairwise interactions. The key idea is to replace the particle
A. J. Christlieb, R. Krasny, John P. Verboncoeur